Ding Xueliang Indian Political Development Implications for China

 Ding Xueliang: Indian Political Development Implications for China
Ding Xueliang
20 and India since the mid-century, their political and economic development, are provided for the other side of the mirror: India's weaknesses are often the strengths of China; China weaknesses, often the strengths of India. In India such a )
one huge Indian
one like me is not an expert in India, and year abroad in college teaching and research in comparative political sociology of the Chinese intellectuals, large-scale India is an important theory, in order to see if they are not long withstand the test of time, with little explanatory power on the scale of extension (). ; during a widely circulated quote was coaching the award of the reason why China is quite clearly excluded --- leader of a revolution on China's revolutionary experience of the theoretical conclusion, its meaning to more than Marx and Lenin China's population ten times more than Germany, Russia and more than three times the wealth of revolutionary experience, none can exceed. . ()
Second, it is the Chinese people reflect on the Indian experience
1, low economic development, democratic practice can start
level of economic development and political progress, what is the relationship between the degree? the most public concern, political sociology One assumption or understanding: the latter part of world history, a certain extent, confirmed the above assumptions or understanding, such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Bangladesh, these countries with high per capita income in the late 1970s before there was indeed the first democratic election system and then tried by a military dictatorship Instead, tortuous experience. However, this validation is only a partial rather than universal, India is the falsification of these assumptions or understanding of the most heavyweight of India after independence the national .1947, on the choice of parliamentary democracy, when it GDP per capita income of about $ 597 3. the ten major Asian countries, India's per capita income ranks third from the bottom, below the average. But to the present date, India's parliamentary democracy has been a continuous practice for 60 years. , countries with lower per capita income is not destined to not start the process of democratic practice; starts, it does not destined to be great back to the terrible military dictatorship. a country where a variety of social factors, cultural traditions and other political factors, economic wealth can play an independent role in the level of support, making the country's democratic institutions take root, steady development. ()
2, democratic institutions should not be extended to the Another start
political sociology mm wide public about the need to explain that understanding does not mean that a wide range widely accepted assumptions mm or understanding is: important; in a society where many illiterate, democracy is no hope. India? 1965 mm year earlier, I have not check the reliability of data cable to the mm primary, secondary and higher education enrollment accounts for the ratio of each school age group, India were 74%, 27%, 5%, respectively, in China 89%, 24%, 1%. From this, China's primary education was significantly higher than in India, India is far higher than China's higher education, secondary education, 4 little difference between the two countries. Under 40 years later, that is, released in 2005 information, the Indian-age population aged 15 and more in 61.0 percent literacy rate, enrollment in institutions of higher learning in the school age group accounted for a ratio of 11.5%; China were 90.7% and 15. 4%, were significantly higher than that of India 5. The dissemination of knowledge and information with the relevant facilities in the hardware status (data period 2004-2005), including: the length of telephone lines per thousand, per thousand fixed telephone and mobile phone Internet users per thousand in the number of households with television sets ratio than India and China are much behind: 41 ratio of more than 241,85 80 431,32 ratio than 74,37 6. ()
Obviously, India's lower level of education of the whole society penetration and dissemination of information than the hardware behind and did not prevent the implementation of this vast country's national elections on a regular basis. Some scholars of comparative political development, from discovery and that India relatively stable and sustainable democratic institution-building, thanks to its start in 1947 when the penetration rate of public education is not high, which may make the country's most important and most difficult political affairs is basically limited to the highly mostly well-educated mm mm British-style education among the political elite circle, as long as a compromise between them, things are generally able to On the contrary: in the late 1980s the political process of open competition in Taiwan, the island's residents in the illiteracy rate has dropped to below 8%, per the proportion of thousands of highly educated people to 2,300 people with tertiary education in France and Denmark quite 7. Therefore, the political participation of residents in Taiwan will be too broad, too high, and every body should do run for each level of hierarchy, countless election year. Thus, although the island almost every week political programs, bustling, but inevitable chaos, comprehensive cost is too high. Huntington in his famous book is very easily lead to political life without the order of 8. Therefore, I feel inspired to developing countries but in India: the construction of democratic institutions should not be delayed until the instead, he is easy to stimulate the entire society in turmoil, because then everyone is to There is also a well-known study assumptions or knowledge about democracy and national integration of the tension between (tensions) or conflict. Some of the scholars argues: a country's national or ethnic, religious or cultural diversity of the more complex, the country through the process of democratization, the more likely to split the country. In this important respect, the same impressive footprint in India, it provides a conclusive evidence of optimism. ()
Let us quote the European the older generation of development economists, experienced observers Gilbert Etienne India comments: , from Indo-European languages originated from Sanskrit, to the south Indian Dravidian language language, etc., enough to have a dozen or more. In addition, a complete range of religions: Hindus account for the total population of 81.3 percent, to India's largest education; followed by Islam, followers of the total population of 12.7%; Christian followers of the total population of 2.4%; Sikh 2% of the total population; Buddhist believers and Jainism followers of the total population of 1. 2% hh so numerous and complex political, religious, ethnic, linguistic and cultural composition of the l puzzle version of r, for the Indian political parties and political forces in the political, economic and social change in the struggle for power provide fertile soil. At the same time, but also generate new sources of conflict. However, the characteristics of civilization left by history, Hinduism, caste system and the concept of the national identity, among other factors, to ensure that time and space in a certain continuity, even if continuous invaders failed to cut it. minor religious groups (that is, except outside the Taoist and Buddhist belief in Islam and Christian groups, etc.) accounted for less than 10% the proportion of the population, these faith groups in India the proportion of the population close to 20%; Chinese residents agreement on the language level is also higher than India's 10. Therefore, the diversity of social and cultural integration and political unity between countries is concerned, India is full of examples to encourage the Chinese meaning. ()
4 parliamentary democracy harmful to economic development in the Third World is not conclusive
political sociology and development economics in a school of view: Although the world's richest countries are parliamentary democracies, but this system in the third world But the economic development of poor performance. In other words, parliamentary democracy hinder economic development in low-income countries, highly centralized political system with the majority of scholars mm usually authoritarianism (the author many years ago proposed that it be translated as criticism, for example, some scholars pointed out: the world's most poor and backward country, almost without exception, are not living in the true sense of democracy; most autocratic system of government-led economic development, see also from the long-term performance inadequate. However, this was not very strong rebuttal is always, the main reason is, India, the largest parliamentary democracy in third world countries, the economic development of the past performance was not good enough. According to the international academic community are respected Madison estimation method, from 1952 to 1978, China's per capita GDP, average annual growth rate is 2.3 percent, India is 1.7 percent (this estimate and the same way as other independent estimates). According to Ama Thailand and Asia b Sen and his colleagues estimated that from 1980 to 1990, China's per capita GDP, average annual growth rate was 8.6 percent, India is 3.7 percent: the policy of reform and opening China's economy suddenly significantly improved the growth rate of 11. From the early 1990s, India decided to relax the control of the country, seriously promote the reform and opening up, bid farewell to their many years of implementation of the part affected by the Soviet economic system, more from the ideology of national independence that the initial an inefficient economic system and policies. Therefore, since the early 1990s, India's economic growth rate accelerated from 1990 to 2003 the average annual GDP growth rate of India's 5.9%, of which the growth rate in 2003 to 8.6%; 2004 6.9%; 2005 7.6% 12. While India's economic growth has been rapid rate of increase is also slightly lower, but considering the investment in the Indian economy in high quality 13, for example, according to a detailed research report, the annual profit margin of the Indian economy from 1980 to 11.5% growth to 1999 to 16.5 percent, this 20-year period, the average profit margin reached 14.3% ; In contrast, the annual profit rate of Chinese economy from 1980 to 13.5% in 2003 down to 8.5%, China in 1978-2003 during the 25 years the average profit margin is 10.9 % 14. In sum, India is the major trend in recent years, step by step to correct the the meaning of human
four points more than the author comments, not suggesting that India in recent years it has broken free from the shortcomings of those well known, suddenly became a world-wide . Of course not! we read the major newspapers and magazines in English, almost every two days (period), there will be positive or negative about India's long report analyzes the achievements and difficulties in India as China's achievements and difficulties, as are is huge, compelling. difference only lies in the weaknesses of India, often the strengths of China, such as roads, bridges, factories and other infrastructure, foreign direct investment (FDI) volume, manufacturing, product exports, primary education, literacy, government poverty reduction, infant survival rate, etc.; and China's weakness, often the strengths of India, for example, in the development of democratic institutions, freedom of expression, cultural diversity, religious tolerance, social harmony, quality of higher education, software design, financial markets, services and other fields. ()
20 since the mid-century, India and China of their respective political and economic development, are provided for the other side of the mirror, from which you can see their already achievements and difficulties or challenges. great Indian economist and philosopher, Thailand and Asia b Amar Sen said it well: if scholars and government officials in India because of political problems in China, without careful study and learn from China's successful experience in economic development, it is dereliction of duty for his country 16. The author is willing to follow his logic to say: If the Chinese scholars and government officials because of India's economic problems, without careful study and learn from India in the political development of the valuable experience of their country that is more serious dereliction of duty. after all, clear the history of the modern world, in countries where the construction of a large firm on behalf of the Italian democratic system to ensure long-term stability of the country, than in a countries with large solid building roads, bridges, factories, and so the hardware facilities, difficulties and risk more, to pay more efforts need higher wisdom, the benefits of its long period is much broader. on India's democratic experience in building the profile of, or experienced observers Gilbert Etienne India aptly put it: ()
The most serious crisis. with China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran is different is that India has not experienced the stage of the whole country at stake. India is nearly 50 years one of Asia's most stable countries. explain this phenomenon has the following several factors: First, democratic institutions to ensure stability in the country's safety valve; followed by the art of compromise, the Indian people always say, the final word is always l out of the predicament we r; third factor is the vast land area, ethnic , religious complex, the situation of social disorder rarely go beyond the boundaries of regions; Finally, the senior executive and in accordance with the British Indian army apolitical tradition (which, compared with many third world countries, really is an exception), in a number of withstood the test of national turmoil, strengthening India's democracy development experience. With these two giant countries political and economic fields in a more comprehensive and balanced progress of all mankind will have a more commendable future.